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萬國公法才是國際法的最高拘束 ~ 林志昇

[原著]

[Formosa]於2011-04-19 08:12:28上傳[]

 

萬國公法才是國際法的最高拘束

 The Law of Nations is Supreme Sanctions 

1787917由喬治華盛頓(George Washington)在賓州費城(Philadelphia, Pennsylvania)主持美國憲法會議(the Constitutional Convention)通過後,1788621核准之美國憲法條文中 Article 1 Section 8明文承認「萬國公法(the Law of Nations)」,很多學者很容易忽視,而忘了「萬國公法(the Law of Nations)」的存在。

 

日本明治天皇186828向各國頒布之「開國詔諭」中,即已承認「萬國公法」,將「萬國公法」當作日本對付強權之武器。對於如何善用「萬國公法」,這裡有個例子:1874間,日本在武力懲罰台灣牡丹社生蕃後,大久保利通以大日本全權辦理大臣身份赴北京,9141023日間,是據「萬國公法」和清廷談判,而於1031日與清廷簽署對日本有利之「北京專條」。

 

由於在國際間萬國公法是建立在具有「較高約束力(higher sanction)」,形同「上帝法(the Law of God)」之「自然法(the Natural Law)」,是用以規範國際社會之互動(to regulate international interactions)此,無論是美國或日本,其對日本和台灣之關係,必須在美日兩國所共同承認之「萬國公法架構內」界定。

 

台灣總督府自1940211起,依「內台融合」之同化政策頒布「台民改日本姓名辦法」,完全符合「萬國公法」之「人民自然生活在一起」之國家形成條件。

 

對無改日本姓名歸化成為日本人之台灣人,日本政府以依舊金山和平條約Article 2b喪失台灣管轄權為由,剝奪台灣人其日本國籍,就法理而言,是「剝奪有理」而非任意。

 

而,對有改日本姓名歸化成為日本人之台系日本人,日本政府不得違反世界人權宣言Article 15-2:「不得任意剝奪國籍」之宗旨,剝奪任何法理日本人之日本國籍,剝奪台系日本人之日本國籍是「剝奪無理」。

 

就日本國民之身份,日本政府即使有立場剝奪台灣人其日本國籍,然並無立場剝奪台系日本人其日本國籍。美國和日本如確實是法治國家,美日兩國政府之行政、立法及包括各級法院之司法部門,就應在「萬國公法架構內」建立規則,基於日本政府對台灣尚保有「天賦不可變更或免除」之國家義務,不能忽視或迴避台灣民政府就「Taiwan地位正常化」及「people of Taiwan身份正常化」之訴求和主張。

 

作者:林 志昇(武林 志昇˙林 峯弘)

福爾摩沙法理建國會  秘書長

2011/04/19

 

本文係針對好友Jeff Geer文章的回應:

 

Older cases from Japan indicate that there is no past legal basis for restoration of Japanese nationality in the view of the Japanese courts.  

 

There is a double layer problem of the 1952 Treaty of Taipei and 1978 Treaty of Peace and Friendship.  In 1972, the Japanese and PRC established diplomatic relations and signed the Joint Communique on this basis.  The 1972 Shanghai Communique did not restore any kind of diplomatic relations between the US and PRC.  In legal effect, there is a directive to their Japanese counterparts to recognize the PRC under Art 4(b) SFPT. Japan does have basis in law of SFPT to inquire about their (former) Japanese nationals on Taiwan.  This basis of a person of customary law without protection or acquisition of a new nationality may not have been addressed by the Japanese courts.  Please see below for Japanese court cases on the past issues of lost nationality.  If a loss of Japanese nationality is reaffirmed, don't forget to ask about interim status.  If not the one, what about the other?  

 

 

Japanese Annal of International Law

http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/ila/

http://wwwsoc.nii.ac.jp/ila/doc/english_top.htm

 

1993    No. 36

           Supreme Court, 28 April 1992  p. 182

           (Aliens--War Compensation--No Compensation to Taiwanese who were formerly Japanese Soldiers)

 

 

1985    No. 26   Supreme Court of Japan, November 25, 1983 p. 181

           (Change of Nationality with the Transfer of Territory -- Loss of Japanese Nationality by Taiwanese)

 

1982    No. 25

           Toyko High Court, June 12, 1980  p. 170

           Nationality--Nationality of Inhabitants of Taiwan (Formosa)--Suit for Confirmation of Japanese nationality dismissed

 

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