1962 年《貿易擴展法》第 232 條賦予美國總統權力，在進口威脅國家安全時調整進口，允許徵收關稅、實施配額或進行談判。這項程序由商務部對進口對國防需求、經濟福利以及鋼鐵和鋁等關鍵產業的影響進行調查後啟動，近年來，這項程序被廣泛用於保護國內生產。Section 232 of the 1962 Trade Expansion Act grants the U.S. President authority to adjust imports if they threaten national security, allowing for tariffs, quotas, or negotiations, initiated by Department of Cooerce investigations into import impacts on defense needs, economic welfare, and critical industries like steel and aluminum, a process heavily used in recent years to protect domestic production.
1962年《貿易擴展法》第252條，允許對剝奪美國貿易協定權利或以不合理的行為（例如智慧財產權盜竊或市場障礙）阻礙美國商業的外國行為採取行動，通常透過徵收關稅來實現。Section 252 of the Trade Expansion Act of 1962 allows action against foreign conduct that deprives U.S. of its rights under trade agreements or impedes U.S. commerce through unreasonable conduct such as intellectual property theft or market barriers, typically through the imposition of tariffs.
1974年《貿易法》第301條，賦予美國貿易代表（USTR）權力，對不公平的外國貿易行為進行報復。Section 301 of the Trade Act of 1974 grants the United States Trade Representative (USTR) the power to retaliate against unfair foreign trade practices.
1962年《貿易擴展法》（第232條）聚焦於國家安全進口，而第301條則發展為應對不公平貿易行為，授權總統對中國等存在歧視性行為的國家進行調查和製裁，從而導致大規模的關稅行動。The Trade Expansion Act of 1962 (Section 232) focused on national security imports, while Section 301 evolved to address unfair trade practices, authorizing the president to investigate and sanction countries such as China that engage in discriminatory practices, thus leading to large-scale tariff actions.
